Canadian Radio

Introduction The 20th century is characterised by a lot of political activities that led to democratization of many societies. People have gained significant access to certain rights and privileges. One of the most important rights that people enjoy today is the access to information, which is essential because it enables people to identify and demand for other rights.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commissions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the advocates of the right to information insist that everyone should be well informed, some people have claimed that such rights can cause serious challenges if not regulated (Edwardson, 2008). For this reason, several governments have put in place measures to ensure that rights are enjoyed in a manner that protects other aspects of life. This paper discusses the functions, composition, scope of operation, fin ancing and source of authority of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) (Edwardson, 2008). Establishment of CRTC CRTC was created in 1976 after the parliament of Canada enacted the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission Act (1976). Before CRTC came into being, its functions were performed by the Canadian Radio-Television Commission established in 1968 to take over from the Board of Broadcast Governors. CRTC is answerable to the Minister for Heritage who in turn reports to parliament (Dunbar Leblanc, 2007). Purpose of CRTC The overall role of CRTC is to facilitate fairness and quality in the country’s communication sector (Edge, 2013). These functions are clearly spelt out in the Broadcasting Act (1991). In addition, some functions are outlined in the National Transportation Act (1996) as well as the Railway Safety Act (1985). One of the main functions of the CRTC is to ensure that Canadians own and control most of the cou ntry’s broadcasting firms. The designers of this function aimed at protecting the Canadian culture, politics, social fabric and economy from foreign infiltration (Edge, 2013).Advertising Looking for term paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, it is believed that broadcast communication was one of the factors contributing to the country’s cultural degradation by exposing citizens to foreign cultures. The commission is also expected to ensure that there is high quality and exhaustive programming that fully utilizes Canadian talents and other local resources (Edge, 2013). Speaking about media, it should provide a platform for people to give their opinions about the matters of public interest (Edge, 2011). In this case, CRTC is expected to ensure that everyone is given a fair opportunity to build his or her views. For example, during the time of election campaigns, candidates c ould use broadcast media to reach the electorate. The commission should guarantee that all candidates get equal opportunity to use broadcast media without bias (Edge, 2011). CRTC requires that broadcasting companies cover all parts of Canada using the two official languages in this country (Edge, 2011). The commission also mandates broadcasters to always remain updated on the advances in technology. With regard to telecommunication, CRTC has the mandate to protect the public by ensuring that charges for communication services are fair and affordable. CRTC Stakeholders Stakeholders are people who are either directly involved in the activities of an organisation or not involved but affected by such activities (Armstrong, 2010). With this in mind, CRTC has several stakeholders. As Armstrong (2010) points out, some of the directly involved stakeholders are the commissioners and members of the secretariat. Appointment of commissioners is arranged by the Governor-in-Council. Moreover, the y are expected to be in office for a maximum period of five years. The commission is expected to come up with policies and regulations to be used in implementation of its mandate. The Governor-in-Council appoints the chairperson with the mandate to control all the affairs of the commission (Armstrong, 2010). The chairperson is assisted by two vice chairpersons, one of whom takes over his or her responsibilities in an acting capacity in the absence of the chairperson. CRTC is comprised of thirteen commissioners maximum. The secretariat is responsible for implementation of all the commission’s policies. At the beginning of the financial year 2012-2013, CRTC had a human resource base of 448 employees (Edge, 2013).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commissions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Canadian broadcasting and telecommunication firms that are con trolled by CRTC are stakeholders in the commission. The policies formulated by the commission are designed to manage functioning of these firms. In this case, it is expected that such policies are designed to govern broadcasting and telecommunication organisations in a manner that enhances quality and fairness (Armstrong, 2010). The organisations mentioned above serve the public. In its turn, CRTC guarantees that communication firms provide quality services without imposing unfair prices. On a similar note, the Canadian government is another stakeholder in CRTC, which is a state agency mandated by the government to carry out some functions. The government is expected to protect the public against unscrupulous businesspersons who offer poor services and charge high tariffs (Armstrong, 2010). The government also needs to act in favour of the country’s culture against infiltration by foreign values. This implies that the government will also fail if the commission fails. In this regard, the government owns the commission on behalf of Canadians. Funding CRTC is majorly funded by the government of Canada. The commission projects allocation of $53.1 million for the financial year 2013-2014. Out of the total amount, $17.6 million (33.14%) is planned to be spent on managing broadcasting. Another $17.6 million (33.14%) will be dedicated to telecommunications’ sector and $17.9 million (33.71%) is allocated for internet services (Winseck, 2010). Scope of CRTC Operations CRTC controls all the broadcast and telecommunication activities in Canada. The commission formulates and implements policies to achieve the objectives that led to its creation (Winseck, 2010). It is worth noting that the functions of CRTC are not as broad as the functions of its equivalent in the US (Federal Communications Commission). For instance, disputes regarding broadcasting of unworthy contents are handled by the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council, abbreviated as CBSC. However, uns atisfied parties can refer the matter to CRTC for determination. Allocation of frequencies is also under the jurisdiction of CBSC (Armstrong, 2010). One of the well-known functions of CRTC is management of cable television broadcast pricing. Today, this function is almost overtaken by events because too much competition from satellite broadcasters has kept prices at minimum levels (Armstrong, 2010).Advertising Looking for term paper on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More CRTC also exercises control on the distribution of signals. In this case, the Broadcasting Act requires that locally owned broadcasting channels are given more priority as compared to foreign channels. This requirement is designed to protect small Canadian broadcasting firms that may not be able to compete with large broadcasters from the United States. It also protects the country from too much foreign advertisement because some of the advertised products may be competing with the locally produced goods (Armstrong, 2010). CRTC also regulates internet communication processes like covering audio and video contents. The commission has recently been investigating whether streaming of information on internet affects the rate of television and radio subscriptions in the country. Thus, it is expected to take measures if it finds that internet news affects radio and television subscriptions negatively (Edge, 2013). In addition, CRTC exercises some control on landline telephone services in Canada. Traditionally, provision of landline services has been a privilege of only 2 main providers, in particular Bell and Telus (Armstrong, 2010). Due to some protection, the two service providers have been delivering very poor services. To enhance quality, the commission should stop protecting and encourage more competition. Although CRTC is expected to control the amount of money charged by mobile service providers, complaints have been raised concerning its performance because some firms are charging people differently for the same services. Consequently, people claim that there is some bias in accessing mobile services yet the commission is mandated to facilitate fairness. This inefficiency has been attributed to the confusion caused by existence of other bodies such as CBSC that deal with communication in Canada. It has been suggested that all communication issues are handled by one body to enhance efficiency (Armstrong, 2010). CRTC also supervises the change of ownership of broadcasting firms that aims at ensuring that much ownership remains in the hands of Canadians (Murray, 2001). Therefore, according to the communications Act, pending transfer of ownership has to be taken to the commission for approval. Impact and the Future of CRTC The creation of CRTC had positive intensions. While most of the objectives have been achieved, efforts are still needed to fully streamline the functioning of the communication sector. CRTC has been successful in limiting foreign ownership of communication organisations in Canada (Edge, 2012). However, too much protection of local firms reduces competition and, consequently, sets a stage for a monopoly. Under such circumstances, service providers offer poor services and increase charges. According to Armstrong (2010), this is the reason why some providers charge unreasonable prices. In addition, the current situation also raises questions regarding the effectiveness of CRTC given that price regulation is a part of its ma ndate. CRTC and CBSC should be merged so that there is one body responsible for addressing all matters related to communication. After merging, the body should operate under one ministry and receive more support from the government. The commission may also be affected by the current efforts to minimise trade barriers from the countries’ sides. Denying opportunities to foreign companies is against the spirit of globalisation (Armstrong, 2010). Conclusion Communication has the ability to change people’s perceptions. This is the reason why it is necessary to control the kind of information that reaches the public. In this regard, CRTC is put in place to ensure that the Canadian culture and values are protected against dilution. The commission also supervises pricing in the communication industry to protect the public against unscrupulous businesspersons. It also ensures that services offered by media houses are of unquestionable quality. However, with the increasing need for globalization, it is expected that international politics may affect functioning of the commission, which operates alongside other state agencies that deal with communication. Effectiveness may not be realised if such bodies are not merged. References Armstrong, R. (2010). Broadcasting Policy in Canada. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto.  Broadcasting Act, the (S.C. 1991, c. 11). Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission Act, the. (1976, c. 49, s. 1). Dunbar, J.E., Leblanc, C. (2007). Review of the regulatory framework for broadcasting services in Canada. Ottawa, Canada: CRTC. Edge, M. (2011). Convergence after the collapse: The catastrophic case of Canada. Journal of Media, Culture Society, 33(8), 1266-1278. Edge, M. (2012). CRTC, no longer for sale? Astral Media ruling reverses rising tide of ownership concentration. Suva, Fiji: The University of the South Pacific. Edge, M. (2013). Public benefits or private? The case of the Canadian Media Research C onsortium. Canadian Journal of Communication, 33(10): 52-53. Edwardson, R. (2008). Canadian content: culture and the quest for nationhood. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto. Murray, C. (2001). Wellsprings of knowledge: Beyond the CBC policy trap. Canadian Journal of Communication, 26(1), 31-53. National Transportation Act, the (S.C. 1996, c. 10). Railway Safety Act, the. (R.S.C., 1985, c. 32). Winseck, D. (2010). Financialization and the crisis of the media: The rise and fall of (some) media conglomerates in Canada. Canadian Journal of Communication, 35(2), 365-393. This term paper on Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commissions was written and submitted by user Kyla Burt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The History of Rubber and Latex

The History of Rubber and Latex Free Online Research Papers History: No one knows how long rubber has been around. Men have discovered fossils of rubber-producing plants which appear to date back almost 3,000,000 years. Archeologists have dug up crude rubber balls in ruins of Inca and Mayan civilizations in Central and South America. These are at least nine centuries old. Christopher Columbus deserves some credit for the discovery of rubber. The earliest reliable records note that the natives of Haiti played a game with a ball made from â€Å"the gum of a tree†. This report was written by a Spanish subject who accompanied Colombus on his second voyage to the New World. Portuguese historians have written that Emperor Montezuma in 1520 entertained Hernan Cortes and his soldiers in Mexico city with a game played with rubber balls. Even earlier the natives southeastern Asia knew of rubber prepared from the â€Å"juice† of a tree. They used it to make torches, and coated baskets and jars with it to make them waterproof. In the eighteenth century two French scientists, Francois Fresneau and Charles Marie de la Condamine found new uses for rubber. These two scientists spent several years in South American on botanical research for the French academy. In 1736 they sent back to France several rolls of crude rubber, together with a description of the products fabricated from it by the people of the Amazon Valley. Fresneau called it â€Å"caoutchouc†, the French variation for â€Å"cahucho† the Indian term for â€Å"weeping tree†. The reports described how the South Americans made shoes, battle shields, and syringe bulbs, or bottles, from the rubber, and how it was used to waterproof clothing. General scientific interest in the substance and its properties was revived. Thirty years later, in 1770, Joseph Priestly, an English chemist at the discovery of oxygen, found that rubber could run out the marks made with a pencil. However, it is believed that someone else gave the substance it’s English name â€Å"rubber†. These two scientists spent several years in south American on botanical research for the French academy. In 1791 the first commercial application of rubber was initiated when an English manufacturer, Samuel Peal, patented a method of waterproofing cloth by treating it with a solution of rubber in turpentine. In 1820 British Industrialist Nadier produced rubber threads and attempted to use them in clothing accessories. The British inventor and chemist Charles Macintosh, in 1823, established a plant in Glasgow for the manufacture of waterproof cloth and the rainproof garments that have since borne his name. Because the rubber then used in England came from India the term â€Å"Indian Rubber† was widely used. This term is still generally used in European countries, especially the English speaking ones. In the United States and Canada the name rubber is used alone. NRL: Latex, milky fluid found in specialized cells, called lactiferous cells, of many higher plants. Latex, a polymer dispersed in water, contains a complex emulsion composed of varying proportions of gums, resins, tannins, alkaloids, proteins, starches, sugars, and oils. It is usually white, but in a few plants it may be yellow, orange, or red. Latex is found in most species of the milkweed, dogbane, sapodilla, spurge, mulberry, poppy, and chicory.Many commercial gums, including rubber, balata, guayule, gutta-percha, opium, chicle, and chewing gum, are products made from refined latex. It is now also produced synthetically. The growth function of latex is not entirely understood by botanists. In some plants, latex is exuded at the site of wounds, forming a protective layer. The latex in several plants is bitter or poisonous, providing a defense against animals. Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia are the largest producers of natural rubber in the world.. Natural rubber comes from the Havea brasiliensis tree, which grow in tropical regions. They typically reach 20-30 meters in height on rubber plantations, and are able to produce commercial quantities of latex at about 7 years of age, depending on climate and location. The trees tend to live about 10 to 20 years, but may extend past 25 years in the hands of a skilled tapper and bark consuHavea trees are not tapped any more often than once per day, with 2 or 3 days being the norm. In countries such as Thailand, tapping usually takes place in the early hours of the morning, before dawn because the temperatures are very high and the clothing the tappers have to wear to protect them from predators is extremely hot.. Also flow rates are increased due to higher turgor pressures at these times. A tapper uses a sharp hook shaped knife to shave a thin layer of fresh bark from the tree. This exposes the latex vesicles. The cut is typically done at 25-30 ° to the horizontal, as this exposes the maximum number of vesicles. The same incision is done the next day. Virgin bark is exposed first working around in panels. They may do the same thing up to seven hours later. The thickness of the slices is extremely important to the vitality of the tree as well as the production of the latex. If you cut the slice too thick you will damage the tree and reduce the amount of product it can produce. If you cut the slices too thin it won’t produce a good amount of latex. Bark is removed in a specific area for a period of time, and then a new area is tapped allowing the tree to heal and eventually repair itself. The latex runs down and is collected in a cup. Each tree usually produces about half a cup of latex per day and is collected later in the day. Latex will flow for approximately 1 to 3 hours after which time the vesicles become plugged with coagulum .Processing of natural rubber involves the addition of a dilute acid such as formic acid. Then a final rolling is performed using a textured roller and the resultant rubber sheet is dried. Following this, the rubber is ready for export of further processing. This type of natural rubber accounts for about 90% of natural rubber production.Final rolling of the latex sheets using a textured roller. Natural rubber is used in a pure form in some applications. In this case, the latex tapped from trees is concentrated using centriguges, removing water and proteinaceous materials. It is then preserved using a chemical such as ammonia. Natural rubber is used for making products such as glue, tires, toys, shoes, condoms, gloves, catheters, balloons, some medical tubing ect. When the rubber tree dies it’s wood is used to make furniture. The tree rarely ever goes to waste and serves a meaningful purpose for it’s lifespan. Vulcanization of Rubber: Vulcanization is the treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities like strength, elasticity, and resistance to solvents, and to render it impervious to moderate heat and cold. Chemically, the process involves the formation of cross-linkages between the polymer chains of the rubbers molecules. Vulcanization is accomplished usually by a process invented by Charles Goodyear in 1839, involving combination with sulfur and heating. A method of cold vulcanization (treating rubber with a bath or vapors of a sulfur compound) was developed by Alexander Parkes in 1846. Rubber for almost all ordinary purposes is vulcanized; exceptions are rubber cement, crepe-rubber soles, and adhesive tape. Hard rubber is vulcanized rubber in which 30% to 50% of sulfur has been mixed before heating; soft rubber contains usually less than 5% of sulfur. After the sulfur and rubber (and usually an organic accelerator, e.g., an aniline compound, to shorten the time or lower the heat necessary for vulcanization) are mixed, the compound is usually placed in molds and subjected to heat and pressure. The heat may be applied directly by steam, by steam-heated molds, by hot air, or by hot water. Vulcanization can also be accomplished with certain peroxides, gamma radiation, and several other organic compounds. The finished product is not sticky like raw rubber, does not harden with cold or soften much except with great heat, is elastic, springing back into shape when deformed instead of remaining deformed as unvulcanized rubber does, is highly resistant to abrasion and to gasoline and most chemicals, and is a good insulator against electricity and heat. Many synthetic rubbers undergo processes of vulcanization, some of which are similar to that applied to natural rubber. The invention of vulcanization made possible the wide use of rubber and aided the development of such industries as the automobile industry. For years Goodyear tried to make rubber that would not be affected by temperatures. One day Goodyear accidentely spilled a mixture of rubber and sulphur on a hot stove. When he removed it he found that the rubber could be stretched and was not gummy. He found that in order to make a rubber manufacture you need to add rubber, sulphur and intense heat. In 1844 he had his discovery patented. The process was called vulcanization after Vulcan the roman god of fire. Several other inventors helped to perfect rubber. Thomas Handcock developed a similar method of vulcanization. Nelson Gooyear perfected another way of making hard rubber. Edwin Marcus Chaffee invented the calendars used in rubber factories. Latex Allergy: Allergy to natural rubber latex is becoming more common. Healthcare workers are especially prone to the condition, and it is in these people, and in children who have repeated surgical procedures, that the increase is occurring. This increase is thought to be caused by the general requirement for healthcare workers to use latex gloves when patients are undergoing many treatment procedures because of the increasing prevalence of blood-borne viral diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS. Latex gloves prevent contact with other peoples body fluids. The increase in demand for latex gloves has caused a change in the methods of manufacture and many gloves now contain more natural latex protein than before. Most adults who have become latex sensitive are either health-care workers (particularly nurses), or they are the partners of health care workers, and therefore regularly exposed to latex particles from surgical rubber gloves. It has been suggested that some babies may become sensitized from the latex gloves used by the midwife at the time of their birth. There are two types of allergy to rubber gloves. One is an example of type I (IgE-mediated) allergy and the other is an example of type IV (contact) allergy. Type I can cause generalized allergy or even anaphylaxis and the allergy is caused by a latex protein. Type IV causes dermatitis and chemicals used in glove manufacturer are more likely to cause it than the latex itself. Vulcanized rubber, on the other hand, has numerous applications. Resistance to abrasion makes softer kinds of rubber valuable for the treads of vehicle tires and conveyor belts, and makes hard rubber valuable for pump housings and piping used in the handling of abrasive sludges. Conclusion: The flexibility of rubber is often used in hose, tires, and rollers for a wide variety of devices ranging from domestic clothes wringers to printing presses; its elasticity makes it suitable for various kinds of shock absorbers and for specialized machinery mountings designed to reduce vibration. Being relatively impermeable to gases, rubber is useful in the manufacture of articles such as air hoses, balloons, balls, and cushions. The resistance of rubber to water and to the action of most fluid chemicals has led to its use in rainwear, diving gear, and chemical and medicinal tubing, and as a lining for storage tanks, processing equipment, and railroad tank cars. Because of their electrical resistance, soft rubber goods are used as insulation and for protective gloves, shoes, and blankets; hard rubber is used for articles such as telephone housings, parts for radio sets, meters, and other electrical instruments. The coefficient of friction of rubber, which is high on dry surfaces and low on wet surfaces, leads to the use of rubber both for power-transmission belting and for water-lubricated bearings in deep-well pumps. Research Papers on The History of Rubber and LatexQuebec and CanadaGenetic EngineeringAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Hockey GameAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyWhere Wild and West Meet

Poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Poems - Essay Example John Keat’s poem entitled To Autumn illustrates this season with three different descriptions. The first stanza describes autumn with specific, concrete, and vivid images of what happens during autumn. Keats describes autumn as a season of activity when, with the sun’s help, it bend apple trees with the abundance of their fruits, â€Å"fill all fruit with ripeness to the core,† â€Å"swell the gourd,† and â€Å"plump the hazel shells.† The second stanza depicts a different picture of autumn as a reaper or harvester who accomplished some of his activity but now stands still. In contrast to the active autumn described in the first stanza, the second denotes inactivity and near completion. The third stanza contrasts summer which is known as the season of rebirth to autumn which is the season of death. Here, the death of autumn is illustrated as a â€Å"soft-dying day† which is depicted favorably as this death also creates beauty. This poem by Emily Dickinson talks about the death of a man in â€Å"the opposite house.† This documents the chronology after the death and the different reactions of individuals in the country town where it happens. The third line states the commotion in the house as neighbors rustle in and out perhaps doing what they think will help. The fourth line signifies hopelessness as the doctor drives away. The dead must have been sick for a long time as the window which has been closed is now abruptly opened. A mattress is flung raising the curiosity of the children who â€Å"wonder if It’d died on that.† The writer adds that shed use to feel the same way when she was a child implying that it is a natural human reaction. The minister then comes in order to bless the dead and â€Å"goes stiffly in as if the house were his.† Dickinson then states that the minister â€Å"owned all the mourners now, and the little boys beside, and then the milliner and the man of the

Functions of Management in Different Spheres Assignment

Functions of Management in Different Spheres - Assignment Example Therefore, movie-on-demand is a competitive substitute for the blockbuster movies. The major stakeholders of the university include; foundation members, the board of trustees, business and industry. The students are the major stakeholders in the university because they influence the long and short-term goals of the university. Managing diversity in the organization can be done by developing an organizational culture, which synchronizes the diverse cultures into the organizational policy and operation. In addition, cultural integration practices can be used to develop the necessary group cohesion. The manager can employ cultural acceptance to avoid conflict between individuals. Lack of accountability is the major barrier to goal setting. However, as a manager, the development of step plans to achieve the set goals. However, the accountability is the vital aspect of goal setting. Start the business from scratch offer the opportunity to understand the business effectively thereby reducing the chances of collapse. Proper planning of a new business venture is easy compared to a takeover business. However, take over business has an advantage of having already set capital and infrastructure outlay. Business engineering is the process of redesigning the business operations in order to improve performance and develop success in the whole process. Re-engineering can be integrated as a product of competition or the introduction of new products by the company which is intended to improve the business performance The internal recruitment process is simple and easy to be employed. The staff does not need to be oriented to the company as such they can assume the new roles with ease. However, it reduces the pool of choice while also limiting injection of new ideas. External recruitment offers the opportunity to inject new blood into the system thus  allowing for new ideas to be developed. External recruitment offers the company the opportunity to add new employees with better skills. However, the major problem with external recruitment is time constraints and the need for further training of the new stuff on the company details and system of operation.

Forecast analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forecast analysis - Essay Example Therefore, using the finding for Merica 1, these parameters are tightly fitted to the regression line, besides; the relationship is positive and strongly related. For that reason, in every real GDP forecasted, time and average price are strongly and positively affecting the real GDP and vice-versa. The adjusted R2showed the total variability accounted by the model. This refers to the proportion of finding the variables that the model would account for, or the proportion the model can explain. For Merica 1, the adjusted R2 was 0.99996. The value indicated that a significant percentage of the variables could b explained by the model (99.996%). The coefficient of determinant or estimate is defined as the rate at which conditional means change. Average price reported the highest changes in the conditional mean compared to other variables. However, time and real GDP reported negative value. Negative coefficient of determinants shows that the expected forecast of the dependent variable would be below zero when the independent or predictor variables were set at zero. The finding from this model indicates the presence of statistical significance linear dependency of the means for time, real GDP and average price. The standard errors are inferential statistics obtained by dividing standard deviation by the square root of the sample population. Therefore, the larger the error, the smaller the sample size, it is an estimate of the association between the sample population and the standard deviation. Real GDP reported the lowest standard error as opposed to the average price that had the highest error (smallest sample size). During the financial year 5, there was a sustained increase in the industry sales from 527000 units in the first quarter to 595000 in the second quarter for both Merica 1 and Merica 2. The value reduced to 550000 units in the third quarter but later increased to 719000units in the last quarter for both. The

Case Study On Eastman Kodak

Case Study On Eastman Kodak Eastman Kodak is in most certainty the story of an organization that has failed to correctly manage and implement change. The company which was enjoying sales of around US$10 billion in 1981 has a net income of only US$139 million in 2005. Kodaks brand value also slipped down dramatically. An estimated US$2.6 billion was lost owing to the decrease in organizations brand value. A number of factors played an important role in Eastman Kodaks tragic decline. The most important factor that contributed to Kodaks demise was the rigid thinking on part of its management that stopped them from taking timely initiative towards adoption of digital technology in digital communications segment of the company. Another important letdown related to change implementation occurred when Kodaks management failed to realize that it needs to continuously monitor the changes occurring in the environment and then take small continuous steps towards complete adoption of a particular change if analysis reveals that it is good for the overall organizational well being. In the ensuing paragraphs a detailed discussion will be carried out examining what went wrong at Eastman Kodak and what are the possible remedial steps that can be taken. Problem 1: Kodak missing the information age The biggest strategic blunder committed by the management of Eastman Kodak was that it failed to correctly anticipate the needs of changing time. While the competitors around them were constantly innovating and coming up with new products in line with the changing needs of the market, the management at Kodak was happy being stuck with the old products and ways of thinking. A big factor contributing to the amazing collapse of Kodak was managements approach towards finding solutions to strategic problems being faced by the organization. The Rational Thinking Perspective (RTP) was successfully utilized by Kodak in its infancy when RTP was the main perspective being used by leading businesses around the globe but, as time passed and fierce competition started emerging Kodak ignored the need to change its core business technology from silver-halide film technology to the digital technology. This failure to foresee change and sticking to RTP was a huge strategic blunder on part of Kodaks m anagement and could well have been avoided had the management at Eastman Kodak used Generative Thinking Perspective (GTP) to solve the strategic problems being faced by the organization. Rational Thinking Perspective (RTP) versus Generative Thinking Perspective (GTP) The followers of Rational Thinking Perspective (RTP) notably Kenneth Andrews argue that the strategy analysis and formulation stages should be carried out with due diligence and with extreme care (Erasmus Schenk, 2008). The proponents of RTP believe that the issues being faced by organizations are adequately clear and a thorough analysis of relevant data will reveal the future course of direction that should be chosen (Oliver, 2009). The RTP can easily be broken down into four main stages starting from data analysis and setting of strategic objectives followed by planning stage to carrying out the implementation of the defined objectives (Wit Meyer, 2010). The followers of generative perspective school of thought (GTP) reject the RTP by saying that in the fast paced world of today the rational and systematic logic cannot be used for decision making (Paauwe, 2004). GTP argues that enterprise problems can only be solved by interactive actions. GTP believes that strategy making is a p rocess of reflecting, envisioning, experimenting and learning that can never be neatly organized, programmed or conceptualized (Hoogervorst, 2009). Strategies to resolve the problem Kodak totally depended on the strictly logical Rational Thinking perspective (RTP) in the production and sales of cameras and films which allowed competitors to slowly snatch the market share of Eastman Kodak in the camera industry it previously dominated. Kodak could easily have avoided the losses in revenues at the hand of fierce competition from rival organizations had the management used Generative Thinking Perspective (GTP) to tackle the changing environment needs. GTP, with its emphasis on using intuitive approaches to meet emerging challenges in the marketplace, would have helped Kodaks management in foreseeing that it needs to move from the traditional film camera to the digital camera in order to keep in line with changing consumer needs. Problem 2: Extreme times need extreme measures Kodaks lack of initiative to adapt to changing needs of the market was another reason for the organizations gradually faded into oblivion. The management of the organization, led by Daniel Carp failed to realize the looming danger in the forms of innovative product offering by rival organization. The introduction of Mavica, a filmless digital camera by Sony Corporation as early as 1981 should have served as a warning signal for Kodaks management, but the top management failed to foresee the looming signs of a disaster. A provocative management team would have adopted the Continuous Renewal Perspective (CRP) as early as the 1980s to gradually start making progress towards complete adoption of digital technology solutions. The strategy to use CRP would have immensely helped Kodak in maintaining its crown as the undisputed market leader in the camera industry. The Kodaks management woes dont stop here, years later when the digital technology totally rule the camera manufacturing industr y, the management is still confused as to whether it should or should not go for DRP as it entails the management to assume the level of risk it is simply not used. Discontinuous Renewal Perspective (DRP) versus Continuous Renewal Perspective (CRP) There are two main perspectives that describe how change is brought about in an organization. The first perspective i.e. the discontinuous renewal perspective (DRP) argues that change should be rapid and radical (Cummings Worley, 2009). The DRP involves a rapid change in the structure, technology, people and strategy pursued by the organization (Lussier, 2008). The supporters of DRP believe it is an excellent process to follow in case an organization has to make a transformational change since it will help the organization to quickly respond to external disruptions and quickly reach a period of smooth growth (Daft, 2009). The other perspective i.e. the continuous renewal perspective (CRP) argues that introducing change in an organization should be a process of continuous improvement (Crowthe Green, 2004). The proponents of CRP argue that it is a very profitable process to follow for the entire organization, since these changes can be carried out with the accepted organizational fra mework and value systems without making unnecessary changes to organizational structure (Weick Quinn, 1999). Strategies to resolve the problem In the early 1980s the management of Eastman Kodak should have started the process of slow transforming their key resources from silver-halide film technology to digital technology, but they did not take any concrete step in this regard. Years later, with the rivals now possessing state-of-the-art digital technologies Eastman Kodak is now left with no choice and solution but to undergo a radical revolutionary change towards adopting the digital technology in all stages of the post-digital photography value chain. The management of Kodak must however by very careful in making the transition as any mistake at this point would spell serious trouble for the future of the firm. Problem 3: Dilemma of choosing between MBV and RBV Film, paper, chemicals and photo processing were the four areas where Kodak traditionally held supremacy over its rivals but, with the advent of new age of digital technology Kodak could no longer reap benefits out of the old sources of competitive advantage. The fundamental problem being faced by Kodaks management is that Kodak does not hold any advantage over its rival organizations when it comes to possessing new age photography resources such as digitization technology along with storage, retrieval, transmission, manipulation and projection solutions. The advent of digital age has put Kodak in a serious dilemma, in order to compete with its rivals it has to move into the digital printing medium, an area where Eastman Kodak naturally has no experience in. In order to move into the digital printing medium Kodak has to compete with organizations such as Sony, Mitsubishi, and Canon who have their core competency oriented towards the digital technology. Resource Based View (RBV) versus Market Based View (MBV) The Resource Based View (RBV) opines that each firm should within its boundaries to find out that precious blend of resources that are valuable, costly and are rare to imitate (Sanchez, 2008). Once an organizations key resources are identified the management should then mount a search to discover for the markets where those resources can be utilized (Matlay, 2005). The RBP is also known as an inside-out approach to organizational decision making whereby an organizations core competency is defined by the way it leverages and exploits its resources (Schwenker Spremann, 2009). As compared to the RBV, the Market Based View (MBV) emphasis that an organization can only gain crucial advantage over its competitors if it looks towards the threats and opportunities existing in the marketplace (Enders, 2004). The MBV has an outside-in perspective which emphasizes that a firms position in the marketplace is an extremely important determinant of its success or failure (Woodside, 2008). Strategies to resolve the problem In order to compete with the changing business scenario a new strategy was announced in September 2003 in which Kodaks management aimed to pay complete attention on display and inkjet segments of the market. This change in Kodaks strategy comes with the change in the needs of the target market with customers moving away from the film based cameras to digital cameras. The supreme focus of firms in the photography business is on capturing the customers who believe in printing hard copies of digital images by offering them various options such as desktop inkjet printers, printing at kiosks etc. Kodak has taken up the challenge by setting up minilabs and kiosks where customers can come and easily get a hard copy of their digital photos. Kodak needs to carefully present its offering to its intended target market as it has to compete with a number of settled players with extensive technical expertise in the digital photo-finishing market. Problem 4: Dilemma between choosing competition or cooperation in strategy Kodak, facing the daunting challenge of competing with technologically superior organizations launched an aggressive campaign of acquiring companies and latest technologies in order to address the ever changing needs of the consumer market. From the acquisition of Scitex Digital Printing to forming strategic partnership with Verizon Wireless and buying a 50% stake in Nexpress Solutions, Kodak embarked upon a massive strategic partnership making mission that resulted in depressed cash flows for the organization and created disinterest among the investment community. Kodaks decision to aggressively pursue Embedded Organization Perspective (EOP) was seen as a desperate attempt by the organization to build its resource base in the imaging industry, an area where it hardly gives any competition to its rival technologically superior organizations. Discrete Organization Perspective (DOP) versus Embedded Organization Perspective (EOP) The Discrete Organization Perspective (DOP) views organizations as autonomous units that compete with other organizations in an extremely hostile external environment (Wit Meyer, 2010). According to this perspective each organization is taken as being detached from its environment and having a sharply defined boundary that sets it apart from the external world (Ostroff Judge, 2012). The managers having DOP believe that relationship with other organizations should be kept formal and too much dependency on outside organizations should be avoided since it can lead to the rival firm taking undue advantage of the organization (English, 2011). The Embedded Organization Perspective (EOP) believes that business is not all about being at war with other organizations in the marketplace. According to EOP the main aim of business is value creation and organizations can only maximize value when they work together to achieve a common goal (Wit Meyer, 2010). Strategies to resolve the problem The management of Eastman Kodak should make sure that they do not take hasty merger and acquisition decision as it would send wrong signals both to the investment community and the customers alike. At this crucial juncture in the history of Kodak, each and every decision should be taken keeping the best interests of the organization in mind and in order to do so the management must first thoroughly examine if a merger and acquisition decision will be profitable for the organization and what effect it will produce on potential customers and investors of the firm. The management at Eastman Kodak must first clearly define its intended target market and then develop partnership with organizations which can help Kodak in offering highest quality products and services armed with latest technology to the consumers. Problem 5: Dilemma between choosing competition or cooperation in strategy Eastman Kodak faces the dilemma between choosing a globalization or localization strategy. The old and outdated model of sales based on the traditional analogue technology has proved to be successful in some of the emerging Eastern markets predominantly the Chinese market but, in the competitive Western market where the competition is much more severe and rival organizations have developed their core competencies strictly on the more advanced digital technology Kodak needs to quickly get its core technology in line with their competitors. Global Convergence Perspective (GCP) versus International Diversity Perspective (IDP) The Global Convergence Perspective (GCP) puts forward the argument of a boundary less world in which people with similar mindset see eye-to-eye. The opponents of GCP argue that imposition of foreign norms, values, behaviours and habits in their home country harms national culture and hurts the feelings of national sovereignty (Wit Meyer, 2010). As compared to the GCP, the International Diversity Perspective (IDP) argues that world must be kept a diverse place where national cultures are retained and local autonomy is given the highest value (Wit Meyer, 2010). It is a generally observed phenomenon that in countries where people have strong nationalistic views the International Diversity Perspective (IDP) can be successfully used by multinational organizations in promotion of their products and services while in countries with where nationalistic feelings are far less pronounced the Global Convergence Perspective (GCP can be successfully used for product and service promotion (Wit M eyer, 2010). Strategies to resolve the problem The management of Eastman Kodak needs to realize that while the old and outdated analogue technology may succeed in the emerging Eastern market, there are no bright prospects for the use of this obsolete technology in the more developed Western markets. It is right time now that the management of Kodak build-up a global strategy using the GCP which can help the organization to make use of its silver-halide technology in the emerging markets while at the same time incorporating the much more developed digital technology for producing and marketing its products and services in the Western market. Conclusion The management of Eastman Kodak committed a number of mistakes in running the business operation including its complete reliance on internal organizational competencies for an extended period of time and then abruptly changing the strategy to merge with and acquire a huge number of organizations sending wrong signals to the investment community. Although Kodak faces a number of challenges posed by the technologically superior rival organizations but, if it correctly uses management strategies aimed at constantly changing the organizational policies in line with industry benchmarks there are bright chances that Kodak can win back its lost position.

Patriotism by Yukio Mishima Essay -- Yukio Mishima Patriotism Death

"Patriotism" by Yukio Mishima   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Death, in many places death is feared, taking one's own life is looked upon as cowardly and weak. This story sheds a different light on death; it shows the honor and respectful way of bowing out. To see the honor in death, one must understand the culture and the time period. The story 'Patriotism' written by Yukio Mishima shows a couple?s courage, love and faith as well as the man?s commitment to his country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the story goes, Shinji is a member of the Imperil forces. Shinji has taken an oath to fight for his country; his honor depends on his commitment. He will fight to death and risk his life whenever necessary to protect his livelihood. He's newly married and has even forsaken his honeymoon to fulfill his duties with the army. His wife has taken a silent oath, an understanding that her husband could die at anytime and that she too would accept the fate. This was traditional in Japan; her mother had given her a dagger so that when the day comes she will be ready to fulfill her commitment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soon though Shinji and Rieko's Commitments to each other and the Imperial Force are challenged. Shinji is informed that his close colleagues and friends have been mutineers from the beginning. As the reality of death fronts itself to Shinji, he must decide whether to fight and possibly live or Take his own life and die. In the Japanese society this is an honorable way for one to bow out. This decision also weighs heavily on his wif...

PROMOTE THE HEALTH AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN Essay

How you adapt your practice to meet the health and physical development needs of children, taking into account age, gender, ethnicities, individual needs and abilities In my setting I help to promote children’s health and physical development through daily routines and activities. In all my activities I have in mind that children are individual. I also make use the term â€Å"one size fits all† approach to do my planning. When planning I put into consideration, the age, gender, ethnicities, experience, ability and the specific needs of each child. I aim to give all children in the setting the opportunity to succeed and reach their highest level of personal achievement. I analyse the attainment of different groups of children to ensure that all children are achieving as much as they can. I also make ongoing assessments of each child progress. Other things that I put into consideration to help me achieve my aim are; layout, safety of equipment eg: not too many small piece s, Cleaning rota, flooring-carpet, laminated flooring for easy clean, toys and equipment that challenges children I also consider children cultural/religious practices eg: some clothes worn such as sari’s can be difficult for PE, Adult ratio, dietary needs, training of staff-health and safety, health and hygiene, SchoolSAFE etc., access-are doors suitable for mobility aids. The type of indoor and outdoor activities that will encourage balance, co-ordination, gross and fine motor skills, manipulative skills and hand/eye co-ordination In my setting, I make use of environment and resources. I encourage children of all ages to play together happily because I understand the benefits of different types of play and I help children to experience play that will support their overall development. ACTIVITY BALANCE AND COORDINATION GROSS AND FINE MOTOR SKILLS HAND-EYE COORDINATION Push-and-pull toys, e.g. having dolly in a buggies Climbing, frames, slides Drawing and marks making with crayon, chalks, pencils Jigsaws and puzzles Pretend play i.e making tea, or cooking Self dressing, including buttoning and unbuttoning own clothing Riding bike and scooters Kicking,throwing and catching a ball Dancing and moving to music Walking, Running, jumping and skipping Threading and needling Play dough Computer moving the mouse Water and sand play Cutting with scissor Standing, Hopping In what circumstances you might change routines or activities, how you would adapt existing or planned activities or routines. It is very important to actively plan to meet children’s need because there is otherwise a real danger that some children’s needs might be overlooked, so in my setting I put this into consideration. Activities are usually planned with a group of children in mind, with regards to individual needs. However routines and activities could be changed if the children became bored or I run out of resources. I always have the thought about how an activity could be extended or adapted if needed at the last minute. In my setting all activities and areas of the setting are accessible to all children, there are also sufficient space between furniture and activities that allow free movement around the classroom. What the organisation’s policies and practices are regarding risk assessment and safety and why it is important to follow these? Risk assessment is about being aware of potential dangers in the children’s environment and then taking step to minimise the risk. Risk assessments must be carried out in order to identify hazards and find out the safest way to perform certain tasks and procedures. In my setting, I have a list of what and where to carry out the risk assessment so I carried out this risk assessment every morning. I follow my setting policies and practices regarding risk assessment and safety because it is important to makes my settings safe places for children. What is meant by challenging activities for individual babies and children and the link between challenging activities and developmental progress. How you encourage children to extend their range or skills and achievements. In my setting I always encourage all children of all ages and gender to increase their range or explore the range of their movement and limits of their bodies. This is achieving by: I join the children in some activities  e.g play with ball and making play dough I encourage both boys and girls to join in all activities, individually and together I make sure all children have a go, they take turn I make sure all children have equal access. I give them praise and encouragement when they perform new skill e.g well done or clapping. And at time give them award inform of sticker. K2D293 How to provide opportunities for children to rest and recover from physical activity and why this is important In my setting after physical activity I make sure children have opportunities to have a drink of water Sit down quietly or lie down in the quiet/book corner. This is because they need to catch their breath, slow their heart rates, rest their muscles and generally recharge their batteries. In my setting I also follow a routine that encourages children to relax or rest. It is important for babies, toddlers and young people to rest because it will help the growth and development, and it will help them to relax their brain. How to carry our risk assessment that takes all reasonable precautions without restricting opportunities for development; how organisational policy can support this. The government’s guidelines on healthy eating and nutrition for children and why it is important that these are followed by childcare practitioners As a practitioner it is important to follow the government’s guidelines on healthy eating and nutrition for children, so in my setting as am the one in charge of cooking and preparing snacks for children, I have recently renew my food and hygiene certificate. I make sure that healthy and nutritious food is prepared for the children as I know it is illegal to purposefully contaminated food. The nutritional needs of babies and young children differ according to their age, religion and dietary. There has been a huge amount of research into the problems of childhood obesity- caused by a combination of eating too much especially fatty and sugary food. Lots of snack between meals with little or not enough physical exercise, it has been proven beyond doubt that diet and physical activity in a child’s early years can affect health in later life. There are some guidelines for a healthy diet: Enjoy your food Eat a variety of different foods Eat the right amount to maintain a healthy weight Eat plenty of food rich in starch and fibre Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables Do not eat too many foods that contain a lot of fat Do not have sugary foods and drinks too often In my setting I try as much as possible to follow these guidelines. K2D296 What are appropriate foods to give to children, what foods are unsuitable and why Link to K2D295 K2D297 Special dietary requirements and food preparation, related to culture, ethnicity or religious beliefs In my setting as a child is registered I find out if the child has any specific dietary requirements sot that I can meet the child’s needs whilst still promoting a healthy diet. Children’s dietary requirements are often determined by their family, culture, ethnicity or religious beliefs. Christians may give up certain foods for Lent Jews may not eat pork or shellfish etc. Muslims my breast-fed until the age of two years and may not eat pork or pork products. Sikhs may be vegetarian or eat only chicken, lamb or fish  Hindus may eat no beef or be vegetarian and my drink no alcohol Why it is important that all dietary information is documented and shared with others e.g. food allergies In my setting information about all dietary is documented and shared with other staff in order to avoid any mistake as any mistake made could cause serious harm to the child’s health. Information about children’s allergies to food and drink are regularly updated in my setting. This is always discussed with parents when a child is admitted. How you can encourage healthy eating practices in children In my setting I make children to be aware of healthy foods and how good they are for their bodies. I get them involved in their food as soon as they show an interest. Introduce lots of foods with different tastes and textures East as a group as much as possible, as it will encourage children to enjoy mealtime Introduce children to multicultural healthy foods that are new and interesting Introduce children to exotic fruits and vegetables that are new and interesting Involve children in shopping and preparing healthy foods. Make myself a role model, by drinking water at all time and eating fruit and vegetable also. The need for good oral hygiene and how and why this can be encouraged In my setting, I encourage children to look after their teeth by: Brushing their teeth every morning and night Avoid sweetened drinks at any age Drinking plain water after meals Diet with plenty of calcium, fluoride, vitamins A, C and D and food that need chewing. Regularly visit to the dentist as soon as teeth appear. Principles of cross infection and basic food hygiene In my setting, I make sure children wash their hands, before and after eating, when they go to toilet they washes their hands. As the children washed their hand there is a particular song I thought them, â€Å"This is the way we wash our hands, wash our hands, wash our hands, this is the way we wash our hands all day long. Correct disposal of different types of waste according to procedures and why this is required In my setting, in several occasion I have to dispose of bodily waste like vomit, urine and faeces. I make sure this are disposed of correctly in order to avoid contamination of surfaces and materials that are used to prepare food, or that children work on. I always wear disposable gloves and apron when dealing with waste I make sure I dispose waste promptly and in the appropriate bin. I always wipe surfaces that waste has been in contact with, by using the correct fluids and cloths. I dispose of my gloves and apron and wash my hands thoroughly after dealing with waste Activities that can be undertaken by children to raise awareness of their own bodies and their health needs, according to their age, gender, needs and abilities In my setting I make sure children are aware of their own bodies at the same time teach them how to look after their body to keep them healthy and safe. This is an ongoing process for children because their bodies are changing and developing all the time. Children benefit from understanding that in order to grow and develop their body needs healthy food, water, exercise, rest and to be cared for in a hygienic way. Furthermore all children experience times when they feel unwell. I also provide activities in accordance with children’s age, gender, needs and abilities. Songs singing during circle time involving all the part of the body like ‘head shoulders, knees and toes’†¦.. Having a discussion about the theme ‘All about me’ this encourage children to focus on themselves and their bodies H olding food-tasting events for new healthy food. Pretend play, e.g. doctor and patient Details of health surveillance of children and young people, the role of immunisations and information on regimes for children Heath surveillance can be describe as close supervision or observations that are primarily carried out to detect any problems with a child or young person’s development with the aim of getting them the appropriate support and treatment in future. Child health surveillance should be carried out in partnership with the parent as they are the experts and the best people to identify health, developmental and behavioural problems in their own children. It is a positive experience for parents. In my setting, we always ask parent if they are up-to-date with their children immunisation and further explain to them the important of immunisation. Immunisation is to protect children from diseases that are very serious and could result to death or serious handicaps. It also protects children by preventing diseases from being passed on. Age immunisation is given Diseases protected against Name of vaccine Two months old Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Pneumococcal infection DTaP/IPV/Hib Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, (PCV) Three months old Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Meningitis C DTaP/IPV/Hib MenC Four months old Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Meningitis C; Pneumococcal infection DTaP/IPV/Hib MenC PCV Around 12 months old Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) Meningitis C Hib/MenC Around 13 months old Measles, mumps and rubella Pneumococcal infection MMR PCV Three years and four months or soon after Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio Measles, mumps and rubella DTaP/IPV or dTaP/IPV, MMR 13 to 18 years old Diphtheria, tetanus, polio Td/IPV 12 to 18 years old (girls only) Human papilloma virus (HPV) – increases the risk of cervical cancer HPV In addition, some babies in high-risk groups are given a BCG immunisation for protection against tuberculosis shortly after they are born. Higher risk infants may also receive immunisation against Hepatitis B. Your doctor/health visitor will give you more information if your child needs these immunisations. How chronic illnesses may affect physical development and how to access further information and support about particular conditions Children with chronic illness may be physical affected. The get tired quickly and so miss out on some activities. I need to keep track of children’s participation in the setting so as to know if they have missed key activities. But children who have chronic illnesses and physical difficulties are given opportunities to join in fully with all discussions and activities. I get support and information from the child’s parent/career as they will be  well informed, I can also search through internet, support groups and health organisation or Libraries.

Individual Education Plans and Behavior Goals

Individual Education Plans and Behavior Goals Managing difficult behavior is one of the challenges that makes or breaks effective instruction. Early Intervention If a childs behavior impacts his or her ability to perform academically, it requires a Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA) and modify behavior informally, before you go to the lengths of an FBA and BIP. Avoid accusing parents or whining about behavior: if you gain the cooperation of parents early on you can avoid another IEP team meeting. Behavior Goal Guidelines Once you have established that you will need an FBA and BIP, then its time to write IEP Goals for behaviors. Write your goals positively as much as possible. Name the replacement behavior. Instead of writing Zachary will not hit his neighbors write Zachary will keep hands and feet to himself.Avoid preachy, values freighted words, especially responsible and accountable. When discussing with the student why feel free to use these words, such as Lucy, Im so happy youre being responsible for your temper. You used your words instead!! But goals should read: Lucy will present a card cue when she needs a time out to cool off 80 percent of the day (interval objective.) There are basically two kinds of objectives as noted above: interval and frequency goals. Interval goals are measured across intervals, and frequency goals measure the number of occurrences of a preferred or replacement behavior during a time period.The goal of behavior goals should be to extinguish, or eliminate, undesirable behavior and replace it with appropriate, productive behavior. Focusing on the target behavior may reinforce it. Focusing on the replacement behavior should help to extinguish the behavior. Problem behavior is not usually the result of reflective, thoughtful choices. It is usually emotional and has been learned by being rewarded. That doesnt mean you shouldnt talk about it, talk about the replacement behavior and talk about the emotional content of good behavior. It just doesnt belong in an IEP.There is no such thing as an attitude goal. Lets face it, weve all known kids who were nasty, negative or unpleasant, but we need to remember that attitude follows behavior. Once you have success, you can build a positive relationship. You cant dictate right attitude. You can model it. Kinds of Behavioral Goal Goals for Disruptive Behavior:Disruptive behavior is generally out of seat behavior, calling out behavior, and attention seeking behavior. Generally, the function of this sort of behavior is attention, though children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) often do it because, well, thats who they are!ExamplesGoal for Out of Seat: During instruction (a Color Wheel Behavior Plan would be good for clarity, here,)Susan will remain in her seat 80 percent (4 of 5) of half hour intervals, two of three consecutive 2 1/2 hour probes.Calling Out: During instructional periods, Jonathon will raise his hand 4 of 5 (80%) of in-class participation occasions for three of four consecutive 45-minute probes.Attention Seeking Behavior: These goals can only be written when you have a good, operational description of the replacement behavior you want. Angela will throw herself on the floor to get her teachers attention. The replacement behavior is for Angela to use a pre-determined cue (a red cup on top o f the desk) to get the teachers attention. The goal would read: Angela will remain in her seat and cue the teacher for attention with a pre-agreed signal. Goals for Academic BehaviorAcademic behavior is behavior that supports academic progress, such as completing work, returning homework and meeting certain standards for neatness. Be sure behaviors support the childs progress, not your need for certain kinds of academic behaviors. Many of those things should be addressed under the rubric procedures.Completion of Assignments When given adapted math assignments of 10 or fewer problems, Rodney will finish 80% of assignments 2 out of 3 consecutive weeks.Homework: The behavior surrounding homework is composed of several component parts: recording assignments, doing the assignments at home, turning the assignment in. One adaptation for homework, especially for children with Aspergers syndrome would be to do 30 minutes of homework, ask the parents to time the work section and initial it. The behavior surrounding homework is really only important in supporting the purpose of the homework: to practice and review instruction.Assignment Book: Lou is will correctly record 80% of daily assignments for five daily classes (4 of 5) and get the assignment book signed by the teacher 3 of 4 consecutive weeks.Doing Homework: Melissa will complete 45 minutes of homework as recorded by parents, 3 of 4 nights a week, 2 of 3 consecutive weeks.Turning in Homework: Given daily homework assignments 4 of 5 nights a week, Gary will place completed work in a folder in the homework box on the ​teachers desk, 3 of 4 days (75%) for 3 of 4 consecutive weeks. Tantrumming: Tantrumming is often more than one behavior, and you need to decide at what point intervention will eliminate the tantrum. A functional analysis is vital: what functional purpose does the tantrum serve? To avoid work? To avoid certain tasks or situations? Maybe you just need to change how work demands are made and how choices are proffered to the child. To get preferred item? Because the child is overtired and needs to escape all demands? Knowing the function of the behavior and the childs preferences can avoid a lot of tantrums. Our imaginary student, Cloe, tends to tantrum when she overly tired. The replacement behavior is to ask for a break/rest, where the classroom aide will place Cloe on her side on a mat, with her head elevatedWhen Cloe is tired, she will present the teacher or classroom aide with the picture exchange card for a break, 4 of 5 episodes (4 requests for each tantrum) or 80% of occasions, 3 of 4 weeks.

How to Write a Good Capstone Paper

How to Write a Good Capstone Paper Sooner or later the time will come for every student to write a capstone paper. Actually, writing is something that students are used to, but there is a little difference between, lets say, a short essay and a capstone paper. Talking about the latter, it should be the most important task for an undergraduate student. So, if you have to write a capstone paper, your teachers will expect you to show good results. They need to know that you have gained enough knowledge and skills to cope with such kind of a task. A good idea is to look back at everything you have studied this year and try to choose a topic you like and will write about it with enthusiasm. Think of a subject you were especially good at and can use the knowledge you have to write it exceptionally well. You might as well need to consult your teacher to find out whether the topic you have chosen is relevant enough. Once the topic is chosen, you have to conduct a research work. Use all sources available, but keep in mind that some of them may be unreliable, so you will have to check them well. You may also take notes to see the progress of your research work, and at the same time you can exclude contradictory thoughts or ideas, or irrelevant ones. Plan the structure of your paper and start writing. You should have enough time to write a draft version of a paper, then spend some time on editing, correcting mistakes, and proofreading. Sometimes it is a good idea to read your paper aloud – you will easily notice your mistakes or the parts that need to be rewritten. There are moments, when you are stuck working on a part of your paper. You may run out of original ideas, or dont know whether you are doing everything right. Having someone to assist you, to give advice or to show you how to do it in a proper way is definitely a good idea. Luckily, there are lots of paper writing services nowadays where you can find help with various types of writing tasks. We are proud to admit that we are among the best services on the market, and we have proven our professional approach to our customers by showing high results. So, start by placing an order with our service. Fill out an order form and specify all the important details of an order. Then wait for a skilled writer to be assigned to your order. No matter what exactly you need, we will help you out with all the difficulties you have to face in the process of writing a paper. Get professional Capstone paper writing help from academic experts at CustomWritings.com.

Religion and philosophy of Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religion and philosophy of Asia - Essay Example The beliefs are known to create a significant link between the way in which politics form as well as the traditions and rituals that become a part of a specific country. The concept of building a social identity is one which is based on the belief system, which begins with the individual and familial concepts of what it means to belong to a specific culture.This is followed by the cultural identity that is accepted in the mainstream and which creates a specific response when different events occur. The belief system then begins to reflect how society should respond as well as what is expected with the main functions of the government, all which change the main functions of each region. The main belief system which began to change Asia was the growth of Buddhism that spread throughout China, Korea and other parts of Asia. The knowledge which was received about Buddhism created specific types of understanding and belief related to superhuman achievements and being able to overcome specific situations through the practice. This also dictated different laws. The trend which grew from this emerged with different intellectual groups as well as monks that began to practice the different belief systems and which developed into the political mainstream to offer guidance about overcoming and achieving different parts of life with the belief system in place. The beliefs of the culture could then be focused on the virtue and main application of laws that were a part of Buddhism and the political powers.

Teamwork and Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Teamwork and Motivation - Essay Example Innovation and increased productivity are possible if employees are trained and educationally motivated. Continuous learning and employee training should be planned by the organization through their tenure at some regular interval of time. This not only results to higher motivation but also lower turnover. Training also prepares employees to assume more control over their jobs and less supervision, thus building better employee loyalty, satisfaction, and motivation.In the motivation plan, continuous evaluation in a specific cycle should be a must do for the primary aim of measuring progress and determining needs for improvements. This will entail measurement of attitudes, morale, and workforce motivation to determine ways in which the design and implementation of the plan at least once for a year (Deming, 2013).A true competitive advantage for an organization is achieved through well trained and motivated human resource co-ordinating their efforts and energy vitally for the entityâ⠂¬â„¢s goals of accelerating performance, lowering turnover and increasing productivity.In supporting the elements the two-factor theory (Hygiene-theory) by Fredrick Herzberg can be used in order to understand the factors influencing peoples' attitudes and work. According to this theory, satisfaction is caused by (satisfiers) factors related to work itself, achievement, recognition, and responsibility. He argues that motivation is an inner force driving individuals to personal and organizational goal attainment.